International Journal of Maritime Crime & Security
Volume 01 Issue 01 (February 2020)
Issue citation and reference package
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1. Under whose flag? The race to dominate natural resources: an examination of the evolving power dynamics of superpowers and flag protectionism on global trade and maritime security
Authors: Eugen Mario Manole; Francia Kinchington
Published: 29 Feb 2020
Article URL: https://ijmcs.co.uk/details&cid=3
References: Alcaidea, J.I., Piniella, F. and Rodríguez-Díaza, E. (2016) The “Mirror Flags”: Ship registration in globalised ship breaking industry, Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, Vol. 48, October 2016, p378-392 Antunes, N, M. (2015) ‘Decision-Making in the Imminence of Disaster: ‘Places of Refuge’ and the Prevalence of National Interests’ (85-126) chapter in Maritime Safety and Environmental Protection in Europe: Multiple Layers in Regulation and Protection (Eds. Riberio, M, C. and Molenaar, E, J.) MARSAFENET  http://www.marsafenet.org [Accessed 16 Sept 2019] ArcticToday https://www.arctictoday.com/novatek-will-be-allowed-to-operate-foreign-lng-carriers-on-the-northern-sea-route/ [Accessed 15 Dec 2019] Gautier, D.L., and Moore, T.E., (2017) Introduction to the 2008 Circum-Arctic Resource Appraisal (CARA) professional paper, chap. A of Moore, T.E., and Gautier, D.L., eds., The 2008 Circum-Arctic Resource Appraisal: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1824, 9 p., https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1824A Center for Strategic & International Studies https://www.csis.org/ [Accessed 10 Jan 2019] Council On Foreign Relations and Foreign Affairs https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/2019-05-29/not-great-power-competition    [Accessed 01 Dec 2019] European Council on Foreign Relations https://www.ecfr.eu/  [Accessed 16 Sept 2019], https://www.britannica.com/topic/protectionism [Accessed 12 Aug 2018] International Chamber of Shipping http://www.ics-shipping.org/ [Accessed 6 Sept 2018] Maritime Executive (2018) https://www.maritime-executive.com/article/protectionism-makes-a-comeback-in-international-shipping [Accessed 26 Sept 2018] Mitsui O.S.K. Lines https://www.mol.co.jp/en/pr/2018/18021.html  [Accessed 27 July 2018] Novatek http://www.novatek.ru/en/about/general/ [Accessed 15 Dec 2019] Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD),  http://www.oecd.org/trade/protectionism-thecaseagainst.htm [Accessed 16 Sept 2019] PNAS Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America:,  http://www.pnas.org/content/110/13/E1191  Pravda  Ru: http://www.pravdareport.com/world/americas/29-01-2018/139846-arctic-0/  Reuters:https://www.reuters.com/article/us-trade-wto/u-s-trade-offensive-takes-out-wto-as-global-arbiter-idUSKBN1YE0YE  [Accessed 10 Dec 2019] TASS Russian News Agency https://tass.com/economy/983828 Putin introduces exclusive right for Russian vessels to carry oil and gas over NSR [Accessed 09 Oct 2018] The Maritime Executive (2018) https://www.maritime-executive.com  2018-02-14 15:58:00 [Accessed 14.02.2018] The Moscow Times, https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2019/10/10/new-icebreakers-ports-and-satellites-for-northern-sea-route-a67671, [Accessed 14.12.2019] The Wilson Center https://www.wilsoncenter.org/  [Accessed 14.12.2018] United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD/RMT), 2018; Review of Maritime Transport 2018 report. U.S. Congressman John Garamendi https://garamendi.house.gov/ShipUSA  [Accessed 04.10.2018] U.S. Naval Institute / https://news.usni.org/  (Report to Congress on U.S. Coast Guard Polar Icebreaker Program, August 21, 2018) [Accessed 10.09.2018] World Trade Organization (WTO) https://www.wto.org/  [Accessed 26 Oct 2019] World Trade Organization - World Trade Report 2018  WTO https://www.wto.org/english/news_e/news18_e/bertelsmann_rpt_e.pdf [Accessed 16 Sept 2018
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2. What are maritime crime and maritime security?
Authors: Chris Bellamy
Published: 29 Feb 2020
Article URL: https://ijmcs.co.uk/details&cid=4
References: Albahari, M. (2015) Europe’s refugee crisis. Anthropology Today, 31(5): 1–2. AIM (2014) https://www.africaportal.org/features/maritime-security-implementing-aus-aim-strategy/ Refers to AU Maritime Strategy AIM 2050.      Bellamy (2011), Chris, ‘Maritime Piracy:  Return of the World's Second-oldest Security Problem’, RUSI Journal, 22 December 2011, pp.  78-83.  Published online: 22 Dec 2011.  Blue Economy(2018),  https://thecommonwealth.org/blue-economy.   Blue Economy (2004),  https://www.theblueeconomy.org/.  Blue Economy World Bank (2017), https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/infographic/2017/06/06/blue-economy.  Bueger (2015), Christian, ‘What is Maritime Security?’ Marine Policy 53 (2015) 159-164. Also available as a pre-print version http://bueger.info/what-is-maritime-security/ . Buzan (1998), Barry, Ole Wæver, and Jaap de Wilde. 1998. Security. A New Framework for Analysis. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers. Byron (1818).  Baron George Gordon (1788-1824), ‘The Sea’, from Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage (1812-1818, Canto IV, John Murray, London, 1818), Stanza 179. Chalk, P. (2008) The Maritime Dimension of International Security: Terrorism, Piracy, and Challenges for the United States. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation. China (2015) China’s Island Building in South China Sea,   https://southfront.org/chinas-artificial-islands-south-china-sea-review/.  CLCS.  Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf ,  http://www.un.org/Depts/los/clcs_new/clcs_home.htm).# Collins (2018), Alan, Ed., Contemporary Security Studies, 5th Edition, Oxford, Oxford University Press. Crime and forced migration (2017) https://rli.blogs.sas.ac.uk/2017/10/03/leaving-the-cold-war-behind-crime-and-forced-migration-in-latin-america/ . Cropley (2016), David H, ‘Lethal Innovation: The Nexus of Criminology, War, and Malevolent Creativity’, The Palgrave Handbook of Criminology and War, 347-366 (Palgrave 2016).   Daly (2009), John, Naval Choke Points and command of the sea, World Politics Review,  2 March 2009 https://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/3378/naval-choke-points-and-command-of-the-sea   De Bremme (2019), Kristof and Dr Robin Niblett(Chatham House), Understanding Chokepoints, 28 June 2019,  https://www.aig.com/knowledge-and-insights/k-and-i-article-understanding-chokepoints.  Eski, (2016) Yarin, Policing, Port Security and Crime Control. London: Routledge. EU (2014). EU Maritime Security Strategy: European Union Maritime Security Strategy, 11205/14, adopted by the General Affairs Council on 24 June 2014. Frankopan (2015), Peter, The Silk Roads: A New History of the World, London, Bloomsbury.  Frankopan (2018), Peter, The New Silk Roads: The Present and Future of the World, London, Bloomsbury. George (2013), Rose, Deep Sea and Foreign Going: Inside Shipping, the Invisible Industry that brings you 90% of Everything, Portobello, London.  Gibbons-Neff and Nakashima (2017). ‘President Trumpannounces move to elevate Cyber Command’,The Washington Post, 18 August 2017,  https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/checkpoint/wp/2017/08/18/president-trump-announces-move-to-elevate-cyber-command/.  GPF (2016) Geopolitical Futures (GPF) China’s Maritime Choke Points 26 April 2016. https://geopoliticalfutures.com/chinas-maritime-choke-points/y.  ICS(2018) http://www.ics-shipping.org/shipping-facts/shipping-and-world-trade/world-seaborne-trade)/ IMO (2019) website, http://www.imo.org/en/About/Pages/Default.aspx, Paragraph 4;  Island Building in South China Sea (2015) https://southfront.org/chinas-artificial-islands-south-china-sea-review/. Jackson (2009), William, ‘DOD creates Cyber Command as U.S. Strategic Command subunit’,  24 June 2009, https://fcw.com/Articles/2009/06/24/DOD-launches-cyber-command.aspx.  Kaplan (2006), Eben, Liquefied Natural Gas: A Potential Terrorist Target?  https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/liquefied-natural-gas-potential-terrorist-target.  Kaplan (2014), Robert, Asia’s Cauldron: The South China Sea and the end of a stable Pacific, Ballantine Books.  Klein (2011), Natalie, Maritime Security and the Law of the Sea, Oxford: Oxford University Press.See https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270326006_Maritime_Security_and_the_Law_of_the_Sea_By_Klein_Oxford_Oxford_University_Press_2011.  Kostakos and Antonopoulos (2010), Kostakos, P.A. and Antonopoulos, G.A. (2010) ‘The  ‘good’, the ‘bad’ and the Charlie’: the business of cocaine smuggling in Greece’ in Global Crime, 11: 34–57.   Liss, (2011), C. Oceans of Crime: Maritime Piracy and Transnational Security in Southeast Asia and Bangladesh. Singapore: ISEAS Publishing. Mueller and Adler (1985), Gerhard O.W. Mueller and Freda Adler, Outlaws of the Ocean: The Complete Book of Contemporary Crime on the High Seas, (New York, Hearst Marine Books). Nato (2011),  Alliance Maritime Strategy, https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/official_texts_75615.htm.  Ports (2010-2018),  http://ports.com/sea-route/port-of-mumbai,india/king-abdul-aziz-port-dammam,saudi-arabia/.  Sloggett (2013) David The Anarchic Sea: Maritime Security in the 21st Century, (C Hurst & Co., London, 2013). Solent (2019) Introduction to Maritime Cyber Security course  https://maritime.solent.ac.uk/courses/stcw/intro-maritime-cyber-security.  Strait of Hormuz (2019) The Strait of Hormuz is the world’s most important oil transit chokepoint  in International Shipping News 21/06/2019 https://www.hellenicshippingnews.com/the-strait-of-hormuz-is-the-worlds-most-important-oil-transit-chokepoint/.  The List (2006), The List: The Five Top Global Choke Points  https://foreignpolicy.com/2006/05/08/the-list-the-five-top-global-choke-points/.  UK (2014). UK National Strategy for Maritime Security May 2014.  Presented to Parliament by the Secretary of State for Defence by Command of Her Majesty May 2014, Cm 8829. UN (2012), UN Blue Economy Paper,  https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/2978BEconcept.pd,.    UN (2017a) Factsheet: People and Oceans, The Ocean Conference United Nations New York 5-9 June 2017  https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Ocean-fact-sheet-package.pdf.  UN (2017b), The potential of the Blue Economy.  https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/15434Blue_EconomyJun1.pdf UNCLOS 1982. The UN Convention on the Law of the Sea.  Full text at:  http://library.arcticportal.org/id/eprint/1860.  Van der Veer (2018). The Crime-Terrorism Nexus .Programming1 https://icct.nl/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/OC-Terror-Nexus-Final.pdf.  Verne (2018), Jules, Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas), First published as Vingt Mille Lieues Sous Les Mers, in Magasin d'éducation et de récréation, 1869-70. 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3. The application of unmanned aerial vehicles in managing port and border security in the US and Kuwait: Reflections on best practice for the UK
Authors: Suwaid Al Abkal; Risto Talas; Sarah Shaw; Tom Ellis
Published: 29 Feb 2020
Article URL: https://ijmcs.co.uk/details&cid=5
References: Bernard, K. (2015) Port Security: Threats and Vulnerabilities. Laurea University of Applied Sciences.  Unpublished thesis. Bergen, P. L., (2014). Drone Wars. Cambridge University Press.  Berger, S. (2015) Mexico Drug Trafficking: Drone Carries 28 Pounds of Heroin Across Border To US. IB Times. Retrieved 04/07/2016, from http://www.ibtimes.com/mexico-drug-trafficking-drone-carries-28-pounds-heroin-across-border-us-2051941  Bichou, K. (2004) The ISPS Code and The Cost of Port facility Compliance: An Initial Logistics and Supply Chain Framework for Port Security Assessment and Management. Journal of Maritime Economics & Logistics, 6, (322–348) CRS Report for Congress (2010).  Homeland Security: Unmanned Aerial Vehicles and Border Surveillance.  Congressional Research Service. Dedrone (2016) Why do you need a drone detection system? Available at:  http://www.dedrone.com/en/application/reasons-why-drone-detection (Accessed: 24 August 2016). Huang, H., (2010). Autonomy Levels for Unmanned Systems. The national Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST).  Juttner, U., Peck, H. and Christopher, M. (2003) ‘Supply chain risk management: outlining an agenda for future research’, International Journal of Logistics: Research and Applications, Vol. 6 No.4, pp. 199-213 Mullany, A. (2015) Drone sparks alarm in Goulburn’s maximum-security prison. The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 04/07/2016, from  http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/news/nsw/drone-sparks-alarm-in-goulburns-maximum-security-prison/news-story/acd1867efc7f3e62851da50859942165 Nincic, D. (2005) ‘The Challenge of Maritime Terrorism: Threat Identification, WMD and Regime Response’ The Journal of Strategic Studies, Vol. 28, No. 4, 619- 644 Parfomak, P. & Frittelli, J. (2007) ‘Maritime Security: Potential Terrorist Attacks and Protection Priorities’, CRS Report for Congress, 9 January 2007 Pinto, C.A. & Talley, W.K. (2006) ‘The Security Incident Cycle of Ports’, Maritime Economics & Logistics, 8 (267-286) Raymond, C.Z. (2006) ‘Maritime Terrorism in Southeast Asia: A Risk Assessment’, Terrorism and Political Violence, 18:2, 239-257 Russon, M. (2013) Drones Used to Deliver Drugs to Prisoners in Canada. Retrieved 04/07/2016, from http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/drones-delivers-drugs-prison-canada-contraband-inmates-526190 Synergia (2016) Counter-UAV solutions.  Talas, R. (2010). ‘The Efficient Relationship between Residual Security Risk and Security Investment for Maritime Port Facilities.’ (Unpublished Doctoral thesis, City University London) Talas, R. (2016) ‘Transport Security” in Mangan, J. and Lalwani, C. “Global Logistics and Supply Chain Management”, Wile
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4. Pirates, smugglers and corrupt officials – maritime security in East and West Africa
Authors: Dirk Siebels
Published: 29 Feb 2020
Article URL: https://ijmcs.co.uk/details&cid=6
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Eritrea mulls port as Ethiopia rapprochement spurs investors. Bloomberg. Available at:  https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-08-23/eritrea-mulls-new-port-as-ethiopia-rapprochement-spurs-investors. Martin, Guy. (2014). Operation Copper now only with SA and Mozambique. Defence Web. Available at: https://www.defenceweb.co.za/security/maritime-security/operation-copper-now-only-with-sa-and-mozambique/?catid=108%3Amaritime-security. Maylie, Devon and Gilbert, Daniel. (2014). Anadarko’s controversial Mozambique project shows appetite for natural gas. Wall Street Journal. Available at: https://www.wsj.com/articles/anadarkos-controversial-mozambique-project-shows-appetite-for-natural-gas-1407810602. McCaskie, T.C. and Fage, John D. (2019). Western Africa. Encyclopaedia Britannica. Available at: https://www.britannica.com/place/western-Africa. Mensah, Thomas. (2004).” The place of the ISPS Code in the legal international regime.” WMU Journal of Maritime Affairs, Vol. 3:1. 17-18. Mooney, Turloch. (2016). Piracy and corruption stalk West Africa supply chains. Journal of Commerce. Available at: https://www.joc.com/port-news/international-ports/piracy-and-corruption-stalk-west-africa-supply-chains_20160407.html. Murphy, Martin (2009). Small boats, weak states, dirty money: piracy and maritime terrorism in the modern world. London, Hurst Publishing. Nazerali, Sean (2014). Improving the Quality, Capacity and Compliance of Environmental Licensing Processes in Mozambique: The Case of the Oil and Gas Industry. Johannesburg: SAIIA. Ncube, Mthuli and Baker, Michael Lyon. (2011). “Beyond pirates and drugs: unlocking Africa’s maritime potential and economic development.” In: African Security Review, Vol. 20:1. Nunoo, Asiedu, Amador et. al. (2014) Reconstruction of Marine Fisheries Catches for Ghana, 1950-2010. Working Paper #2014-13. Vancouver: University of British Columbia. Oirere, Shem. (2017). Grand plan – Dar es Salaam starts port expansion. Fairplay. Available at:  https://fairplay.ihs.com/dredging/article/4293576/grand-plan-dar-es-salaam-starts-port-expansion Oirere, Shem. (2018). Momentum building offshore Senegal. Offshore Engineer. Available at:  https://www.oedigital.com/news/461011-momentum-building-offshore-senegal. Onuoha, Freedom C. (2012) Piracy and Maritime Security in the Gulf of Guinea: Nigeria as a Microcosm. Doha: Al Jazeera Centre for Studies. Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development. (2019). OECD.Stat. Available at:  https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=AEO11_COUNTRYNOTES_TAB4_EN. Phillips, Andrew and Sharman (2015), J.C. International Order in Diversity: War, Trade and Rule in the Indian Ocean. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press. Potgieter, Johan and Walker, Timothy (2015). “The 2050 African Integrated Maritime Strategy (AIMS): Content and Progress.” In: Mandrup, Thomas and Vrey, Francois (eds.) Towards Good Order at Sea: African Experiences. Stellenbosch: Sun Media. PricewaterhouseCoopers. (2018). Taking on tomorrow: Africa oil & gas review. Available at:  https://www.pwc.co.za/en/assets/pdf/africa-oil-and-gas-review-2018.pdf. Republic of Ghana. (2014). National Plan of Action to prevent, deter, and eliminate illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing. Rogers, David. (2017). Africa’s port revolution: West Coast to welcome the world. Global Construction Review. Available at: http://www.globalconstructionreview.com/sectors/africas-ports-revolution-w7est-coa7st-welc7ome/. Rumley, Dennis (ed.) (2013) The Indian Ocean Region: Security, Stability and Sustainability in the 21st Century. Melbourne: Australia India Institute. Scheffler, Alessandro (2010). Piracy – threat or nuisance? Rome: Nato Defense College. Siebels, Dirk (2019). Maritime Security in East and West Africa: A Tale of Two Regions. London, Palgrave Macmillan. Signé, Landry. (2018). Why Africa’s free trade area offers so much promise. The Conversation. 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Till, Geoffrey (1994). „Developments in Maritime Security.” 5, in: Cozens, Peter (ed.) New Zealand’s Maritime Environment and Security. Wellington: Centre for Strategic Studies. Till, Geoffrey (2013). Seapower: A Guide for the Twenty-First Century. London: Routledge. PP 310-311. UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development) (2014). Maritime Piracy – Part I: An overview of trends, costs and trade-related implications. New York and Geneva: United Nations. UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development) (2015). Review of Maritime Transport 2015. New York and Geneva: United Nations. UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development). (2018). Maritime trade and Africa. Press Release. Available at: https://unctad.org/en/pages/PressRelease.aspx?OriginalVersionID=476. United Nations Statistics Division. (2019). Methodology – Standard country or area codes for statistical use. Available at: https://unstats.un.org/unsd/methodology/m49/. UNODC (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime) (2013). Transnational Organized Crime in West Africa. Vienna: UNODC. UNODC (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime). (2017). Stretching the fishnet: identifying opportunities to address fisheries crime. Conference edition. Available at:  https://fishcrime.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Stretching-the-Fishnet.pdf. Walker, Timothy. (2011). Stop dumping hazardous waste on Africa’s shores. Institute for Security Studies. Available at: https://issafrica.org/iss-today/stop-dumping-hazardous-waste-on-africas-shores. Walzel, Brian. (2019). New Year Signals New Potential in West Africa. E&P Hart Energy. Available at: https://www.epmag.com/new-year-signals-new-potential-west-africa-1729871. Ward, Andrew. (2018). Discoveries in Senegal focus attention on avoiding the ‘oil curse’. Financial Times. Available at: https://www.ft.com/content/d979a1e0-2ea8-11e8-97ec-4bd3494d5f14. World Bank. (2019). Oil rents (% of GDP). 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5. Comment: The emerging spectrum of maritime security
Authors: Peter Cook
Published: 29 Feb 2020
Article URL: https://ijmcs.co.uk/details&cid=7
References: Bernaert (1988).  Bernaerts’ Guide to the 1982 United Nations Convention of the Law of the Sea (Fairplay 1988). Germond and Fong (2018). Germond, Basil and Ha, Fong Wa ‘Climate change and maritime security narrative: the case of the international maritime organisation’, Journal of Environmental Studies and Science, 2 August 2018. Available at http://clok.uclan.ac.uk/24616 IMO (2020).  About IMO. http://www.imo.org/en/About/Pages/Default.aspx. IMO SUA (1988).   Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against the Safety of Maritime Navigation, Protocol for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against the Safety of Fixed Platforms Located on the Continental Shelf. Adopted 10 March 1988; Entry into force 1 March 1992; 2005 Protocols: Adopted 14 October 2005; Entry into force 28 July 2010   www.imo.org/en/About/Conventions/ListOfConventions/Pages/SUA-Treaties.aspx Indifferent languages (2013) How to Say Security in Different Languages  https://www.indifferentlanguages.com/words/security. IPCC (2018). IPCC special report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5 °C, Summary for Policymakers, 6 October 2018. ISM (1993).  IMO International Safety Management Code.  Entered into force in 1998, last revised 2015. http://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/HumanElement/SafetyManagement/Pages/ISMCode.aspx.  ISPS (2003).  Full text of ‘IMO ISPS: International Ship and Port Facility Security Code (came into force 2004) at https://archive.org/stream/gov.law.imo.isps.2003/imo.isps.2003_djvu.txt.  Murphy (2007). Martin Murphy, ‘Piracy and UNCLOS: Does International Law Help Regional States Combat Piracy? Chapter 7 of Peter Lehr, Violence at Sea. Piracy in the Age of Global terrorism, (Taylor and Francis, New York, 2006),  MSC (2016). MSC.1/Circ. 1526, 1 June 2016 Interim Guidelines on Maritime Cyber Risk Management Annex para 1 MSC (2017). IMO Resolution MSC.428(98) (adopted 16 June 2017) para 2 Oceans (2017). The Ocean Conference, UN 2017 Factsheet www.oceanconference.un.org.  OED (2011) Oxford English Dictionary. 20 Vols. ‘security, n.’ Entry 174661,  https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/174661?redirectedFrom=security#eid SOLAS (1974). http://www.imo.org/en/About/Conventions/ListOfConventions/Pages/International-Convention-for-the-Safety-of-Life-at-Sea-(SOLAS),-1974.aspx.  UN (2008). UN General Assembly; Oceans and the law of the sea: Report of the Secretary General A/63/63 dated 10 Mar 08 para 39.  UN (2018a). https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/oceans/ UN (2018b). https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/oceans/ UNCLOS (1982). United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, https://www.un.org/Depts/los/convention_agreements/texts/unclos/unclos_e.pdf.  UNSG (2018). Oceans and Law of the Sea Report by the Secretary General of the United Nations 2018, para 6
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6. Review article: Russian and Soviet Submarine Training up to 2005 and implications
Published: 11 Mar 2020
Article URL: https://ijmcs.co.uk/details&cid=13
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7. Book Review: Seapower States - Maritime Culture, Continental Empires and the Conflict that Made the Modern World
Authors: Andrew Lambert
Published: 08 Mar 2020
Article URL: https://ijmcs.co.uk/details&cid=11
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8. Book Review: China’s Vision of Victory
Authors: Jonathan D.T. Ward
Published: 11 Mar 2020
Article URL: https://ijmcs.co.uk/details&cid=12
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